Before diving into this life-changing article, take a moment to explore an impactful article on salvation! This thought-provoking piece reveals what it truly means to be saved, packed with powerful biblical insights to inspire and strengthen your faith. Don’t miss the opportunity to deepen your understanding and uncover a biblical perspective on salvation. Start your journey now – How to Be Saved According to Jesus And while you’re at it, take a moment to explore this article: Discovering The Imputed Righteousness of Christ: Is It in the Bible?

Defining Free Will:

Pelagius offers the following definition of free will: “But we say that man is always able both to sin and not to sin, so that we confess ourselves to have always a free will”.

Additionally, Pelagius affirmed that free will consists of:

• the ability to sin (posse peccare).
• the ability not to sin (posse non peccare). These two abilities or powers are always equally at man’s disposal.

Defining Original Sin?

Augustine described original sin as the inherited corruption and guilt passed down to mankind. Personal sins, also known as actual sins, are specific actions that go against God and natural.

Augustine elaborates that “children are born in sin, not, as the true faith teaches us, in actual personal sin, but in original sin, and hence need the grace, as we say in the Creed, of the forgiveness of sins.”

Infants, though incapable of committing personal or actual sins, still require the grace of forgiveness. This need arises from the presence of original sin rather than any individual wrongdoing.

Augustine reaches this conclusion based on passages such as: Genesis 17:14 which say that infants not circumcised will be cut off from God’s people. As Augustine explains, “the child has no personal responsibility for the neglect, and that the only guilt that makes the destruction of his soul just is his implication in original sin.”

Augustine and Pelagius: A Historical Debate on Original Sin and Free Will

The question of the nature of sin, and moral responsibility has long been a focal point of theological discussions. Few debates embody this more than the clash between Augustine of Hippo and Pelagius.

On one hand, Augustine believed we could not obey God Almighty unless God gave us the grace to do so, emphasizing mankind’s inherent sinfulness and the necessity of God’s grace for salvation.

On the other hand, Pelagius firmly believed that all of mankind has the ability to obey God Almighty, championing mankind’s capacity for moral responsibility and freely choosing to obey God or not obey God. Augustine and Pealgious’ conflicting views not only sparked one of Christianity’s most enduring theological debates but also left a legacy that continues to influence discussions of original sin, free will, and obedience.

This article explores the Augustine-Pelagius debate, its historical context, scriptural foundations, theological implications, and enduring relevance today. Whether you’re a theology student, a curious Christian, or someone delving into the moral and philosophical complexities of mankind’s nature, this article offers profound insights into the contrasting perspectives of Augustinian and Pelagian thought — and why they remain relevant today.

The Historical Context Behind the Debate

Theological debates often reflect pressing issues of their era, and the Augustine-Pelagius debate is no different. Emerging in the 4th and 5th centuries during the Roman Empire’s decline, the Church was solidifying its doctrines amidst cultural and political upheaval.

To begin, it’s important to note that few details about the life of Pelagius have endured over time. Throughout the centuries, numerous commentators have expressed harsh criticism and negative opinions about him. Augustine’s works have been far better preserved compared to those of Pelagius, providing significantly more information for us to analyze and interpret.

Who Was Pelagius?

Pelagius, a British theologian, is best known for advocating a doctrine later labeled Pelagianism by his critics. He taught that salvation hinges on the individual’s ability to choose obedience to God, rejecting the notion of original sin.

Coming to Rome about 380, Pelagius, though not a priest, became a highly regarded spiritual director for both clergy and laity. The rigorous asceticism of his adherents acted as a reproach to the spiritual sloth of many Roman Christians, whose immorality greatly distressed him. He blamed Rome’s moral laxity on the doctrine of divine grace that he heard a bishop cite from the Confessions of St. Augustine, who in his prayer for spiritual continence asked God to grant whatever grace the divine will determined. Pelagius attacked this teaching on the grounds that it imperilled the entire moral law and soon gained a considerable following at Rome. Henceforth his closest collaborator was a lawyer named Celestius.

After the fall of Rome to the Visigoth chieftain Alaric in 410, Pelagius and Celestius went to Africa. There they encountered the hostile criticism of Augustine, who published several denunciatory letters concerning their doctrine, particularly Pelagius’s insistence on mankind’s basically good moral nature and on individual responsibility for voluntarily choosing Christian asceticism for spiritual advancement.

Pelagius left for Palestine about 412. There, although accused of heresy at the synod of Jerusalem in 415, he succeeded in clearing himself and avoiding censure. In response to further attacks from Augustine and the Latin biblical scholar St. Jerome, Pelagius wrote De libero arbitrio (“On Free Will”) in 416, which resulted in the condemnation of his teaching by two African councils.

In 417 Pope Innocent I endorsed the condemnations and excommunicated Pelagius and Celestius. Innocent’s successor, St. Zosimus, at first pronounced him innocent on the basis of Pelagius’s Libellus fidei (“Brief Statement of Faith”), but, after renewed investigation at the council of Carthage in 418, Zosimus confirmed the council’s nine canons condemning Pelagius. Nothing more is known of Pelagius after this date.

Who Was St. Augustine?

St. Augustine (born November 13, 354, in Tagaste, Numidia \[modern-day Souk Ahras, Algeria]—died August 28, 430, in Hippo Regius \[now Annaba, Algeria]; feast day August 28) was the bishop of Hippo from 396 to 430. He is regarded as one of the most influential Latin Fathers of the Church and arguably the most significant Christian thinker after St. Paul.

Augustine’s integration of classical philosophy with Christian theology gave rise to a profound and enduring theological framework. His many writings, most notably Confessions (c. 400) and The City of God (c. 413–426), have had a lasting impact on biblical interpretation and shaped the development of medieval and modern Christian thought. In Roman Catholicism, he is officially honored as a doctor of the church.

Augustine stands out not only for his remarkable achievements but also for the extraordinary legacy of his writings. Even if none of his works had survived, he would still be regarded as a significant historical figure. However, his enduring reputation owes much to the more than five million words he left behind—writings that consistently showcase the sharpness and depth of his intellect, despite occasional limitations in scope or knowledge.

Many of these works possess a rare ability to captivate readers across centuries, resonating as powerfully today as they did in his own time. Augustine’s distinctive theological approach profoundly shaped Latin Christianity, influencing it in a manner surpassed only by Scripture itself. His contributions remain strikingly relevant, in part due to his role within a religious tradition that was dominant in the West during his era and continues to hold a central place in modern times.

Augustine stands as one of the most influential figures in the integration of ancient Platonic philosophy with Christian theology within the Latin Christian world. While he engaged with the Platonic tradition in a more limited and diluted form compared to many of his Greek-speaking contemporaries, his writings became foundational. His distinctive synthesis of Christian, Roman, and Platonic ideas was so widely read and imitated throughout Latin Christendom that it shaped much of the theological discourse that followed.

Both modern Roman Catholicism and Protestant Christianity owe a significant intellectual debt to Augustine. However, at times, both traditions have grappled with aspects of his thought that are difficult to reconcile.

For instance, Augustine has been revered as both a defender of mankind’s freedom and a proponent of divine predestination. Similarly, his views on sexuality, though intended to be compassionate, have often been interpreted as restrictive or oppressive. Despite these complexities, Augustine’s legacy continues to profoundly influence Christian thought and tradition.

Interpreted Bible Verses Supporting the Doctrine of Original Sin

The Bible does not contain a specific verse that explicitly states the concept of “original sin” as defined in later theological discussions. However, the theological concept is often derived from a few key scripture passages. Here are some verses that are typically referenced when discussing original sin:

The concept of original sin is central to Augustine’s theology, and several Bible verses inform this doctrine:

• Romans 5:12: “Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned.”

• Romans 7:18: “For I know that good itself does not dwell in my body, that is, in my sinful nature. For I have the desire to do what is good, but I cannot carry it out.”

• Psalm 51:5: “Surely I was sinful at birth, sinful from the time my mother conceived me.”

• Romans 5:19 “For as by the one man’s disobedience the many were made sinners, so by the one man’s obedience the many will be made righteous.”

• 1 Corinthians 15:22 “For as in Adam all die, so also in Christ shall all be made alive.”

• Psalm 51:5″ Behold, I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me.”

• Ephesians 2:3″ Among whom we all once lived in the passions of our flesh, carrying out the desires of the body and the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of mankind.”

• Genesis 3:6 “So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit and ate, and she also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he ate.”

• Genesis 3:17″And to Adam he said, ‘Because you have listened to the voice of your wife and have eaten of the tree of which I commanded you, You shall not eat of it, cursed is the ground because of you; in pain you shall eat of it all the days of your life.'”

Augustine interpreted these verses as evidence that mankind inherits a sinful nature, rendering them incapable of obeying God’s commands without God’s intervention.

What Does The Bible Say About Free Will, Sin and Grace?

The Bible emphasizes the call to turn away from sin, the instruction to conquer it, and the expectation that we obey God’s commands as He has laid them out for us. Free will is exemplified in the Bible as the ability given to mankind to make their own choices, choosing freely to obey God or not obey God.

This is evident from the very beginning in Genesis, where Adam and Eve are presented with the choice to obey or disobey God’s command regarding the Tree of Knowledge. The concept of free will suggests that individuals are responsible for their actions and the moral decisions they make.

It’s All About Sin

Sin, according to the Bible, is any action, thought, or attitude that falls short of God’s ways and instructions. Romans 3:23 states, “for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.” Sin results in separation from God, creating a barrier between mankind and God’s holiness. The Bible elaborates on the pervasive nature of sin through various narratives and teachings, highlighting its consequences and the clear need for redemption.

Unmerited Favor

“Unmerited favor” is a phrase often used to describe God’s grace, emphasizing the idea that it’s something we don’t earn or deserve. Fun fact: the Bible never actually uses the term “unmerited favor.” It’s a theological interpretation that’s become popular over the years.

While the concept of grace as a gift that we cannot earn is absolutely biblical, it’s interesting to note how this particular phrase has taken on a life of its own. Looks like the phrase got a little more grace than it deserved (pun fully intended)! Now, we return to your regularly scheduled programming …

Grace To The Rescue

Grace, on the other hand, is God’s unearned favor towards mankind. It is through grace that salvation is made possible, despite the presence of sin. Ephesians 2:8-9 articulates this concept: “For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God — not by works, so that no one can boast.”

Grace is God’s answer to the heavy burden of sin, offering forgiveness and the gift of a transformed life through spiritual rebirth. It’s what connects us to the one true God, made possible through Yeshua (Jesus).

At the heart of the Gospel is this extraordinary gift — a powerful reminder that if we ever sin, God’s love and mercy are there to lead us back to redemption. Grace doesn’t just lift the weight of sin; it empowers us to obey God’s commands with courage and inspires us to live a life full of purpose, hope, and undeniable joy.

The Bible presents free will as the God-given ability for individuals to make their own choices, allowing them to freely decide whether to obey and follow God’s commandments or to turn away and choose sin, as the fallen ones do.

This concept emphasizes personal responsibility and the moral freedom to choose between good and evil, highlighting the importance of faith and accountability in one’s journey. Grace is God’s redemptive plan offered through the Messiah, allowing believers to overcome the separation caused by sin and attain eternal life.

Surrendering to God: Trading Our Mess for His Best

God Almighty demands obedience and wholehearted loyalty. Jesus commanded repentance and living a life free from sin. In the Bible, we see God’s compassionate yet firm, non-negotiable approach to addressing sin and commanding everyone to change from their ways, which lead to death, to His ways, which lead to life.

If you cannot stop sinning, you are still in bondage to it. We need to submit ourselves to God Almighty with His righteousness by doing His will and walking according to His ways. If we are doing our best, trying not to sin, then we are going to God with our own righteousness.

Powerful Bible Verses on the Call to Turn Away from Sin

When we study these verses in their proper context, it becomes clear that we are called to stop sinning! While we cannot achieve this through our own strength alone, we can overcome sin through the power of God. With His strength, we are empowered to resist sin, just as Jesus commanded us to do.

Deuteronomy 30:19: “This day I call heaven and earth as witnesses against you that I have set before you life and death, blessings and curses. Now choose life, so that you and your children may live.”

1 Corinthians 15:34: Sober up as you ought, and stop sinning; for some of you are ignorant of God. I say this to your shame.

James 4:8: “Draw near to God, and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded.”

1 John 5:18: “We know that anyone born of God does not continue to sin; the one who was born of God keeps them safe, and the evil one cannot harm them.”

1 John 3:9: “No one who is born of God will continue to sin, because God’s seed remains in them; they cannot go on sinning, because they have been born of God.”

John 8:11 “go and sin no more“

Romans 6:18: “You have been set free from sin and have become slaves to righteousness.”

1 John 3:6: “No one who lives in him keeps on sinning. No one who continues to sin has either seen him or known him.”

1 Peter 2:24: “He himself bore our sins in his body on the cross, so that we might die to sins and live for righteousness; by his wounds you have been healed.”

Galatians 5:16: “So I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh.”

1 Corinthians 10:13: “No temptation has overtaken you except what is common to mankind. And God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear. But when you are tempted, he will also provide a way out so that you can endure it.”

To Pelagius, these verses affirmed mankind’s capacity for obedience and moral action, emphasizing the importance of personal effort in striving for perfection.

Augustine’s Views on Original Sin and Grace

Augustine argued that mankind’s nature was irrevocably corrupted by Adam’s original sin, a condition passed down to all of mankind. Augustine believed that this inheritance rendered people incapable of seeking or performing good without God’s grace.

Augustine wrote this powerful prayer around 400 AD: “Give me the grace to do as you command, and command me to do what you will”. These words reflect Augustine’s deep understanding of mankind’s dependence on God’s grace.

Pelagius’ View on Original Sin and Grace

Pelagius held distinctive views on sin and grace that set him apart from his contemporaries, particularly St. Augustine. Pelagius argued that mankind possess a natural ability to choose between good and evil and that original sin does not taint the nature of man. According to Pelagius, each person is born in a state of purity, unaffected by Adam’s transgression. He believed that individuals have the freedom to choose to obey God freely thats lead to a righteous life.

Regarding grace, Pelagius stated: “Grace is absolutely necessary and is needed, not only for every hour or for every moment, but even for every separate act”. Sickened with the ongoing immorality in the Church, Pelagius stressed the importance of individuals following God’s commandments. He argued that people are capable of obeying God’s commands, opposing the idea of moral depravity associated with original sin.

His views sparked significant controversy and were eventually condemned by the Church as heretical, leading to the development of the doctrine of original sin and the necessity of grace as articulated by St. Augustine.

Augustine’s Views on Obedience To God’s Commandments

Augustine asserted that true obedience to God’s commandments comes from love, rather than fear or obligation. This love, which is infused into the hearts of believers through the Holy Spirit, enables them to voluntarily comply with God’s commandments.

Augustine emphasized that mankind, due to their sinful nature, are incapable of obeying God’s commandments by their own strength. Therefore, he argued that divine grace is indispensable for true obedience, as it transforms and enables the believer to live in accordance with God’s will. Augustine’s views highlight the necessity of divine assistance and the transformative power of grace in living a life that is pleasing to God.

Augustine argued that original sin, inherited from Adam and Eve, leaves mankind inherently inclined toward sin and moral corruption. Augustine believed this depravity affects all aspects of life and can only be overcome through God’s divine grace, as mankind’s effort alone is insufficient for salvation. This idea became central to Augustinian theology, shaping doctrines of predestination and salvation by grace in Western Christianity.

Depravity and original sin are deeply connected to the concept of imputed righteousness and serve as foundational aspects of Christian theology. These Christian doctrines highlight mankind’s inherent sinful nature, passed down from Adam and Eve.

Augustine heavily influenced the doctrines of depravity, original sin, and imputed righteousness that detail mankind’s inability to fully obey God. Therefore, through Jesus’ perfect obedience to God Almighty, Jesus imparts His righteousness to us in the form of imputed righteousness.

Key Augustine Quotes

• “You have made us for yourself, O Lord, and our heart is restless until it rests in you.”

• “There is no saint without a past, no sinner without a future.”

• “Take care of your body as if you were going to live forever; and take care of your soul as if you were going to die tomorrow.”

• “God provides the wind, Man must raise the sail.”

• “Since, therefore, even when living righteously we are unable to live without sin, I beg that the daily prayer may not be neglected.”

• “The punishment of sin is servitude to sin.”

For Augustine, grace was not merely a helpful influence but an absolute necessity for salvation. God’s grace transformed the will, enabling individuals to turn toward God and pursue righteousness.

Pelagius’ View on Obedience To God’s Commandments

Pelagius strongly opposed the notion that mankind was bound by original sin. Pelagius believed that God created mankind with a free will that allowed them to freely choose to obey God’s commands. To Pelagius, sin was a matter of personal choice rather than inherited nature.

Key Pelagius Quotes

• “A man can be without sin and keep the commandments of God, if he wishes, for this ability has been given to him by God.”

• “Grace is absolutely necessary and is needed, not only for every hour or for every moment, but even for every separate act.”

• “Grace is given in order that what is commanded by God may be more easily fulfilled”

• “There is no worse death than the end of hope.”

• “Evil is born only of the will, and not of nature.”

• “Nothing impossible has been commanded by the God of justice and majesty.”

• “The good that is in me is my work, that is my will and my judgment.”

Pelagius emphasized the necessity of grace for every action and urged individuals to follow God’s commandments, highlighting mankind’s capability to obey God. He rejected the concept of moral depravity tied to original sin and criticized the immorality in the Church.

Key Differences Between Augustine and Pelagius

The Impact and Legacy of the Debate on Christian Theology

The Augustine-Pelagius debate significantly shaped Christian doctrines, particularly concerning sin, salvation, and grace. Augustine’s views heavily influenced Western Christianity, particularly through the theology of Reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin.

Pelagius, who turned out to be a pretty controversial theologian, was officially condemned as heretical by the Council of Carthage in 418 AD and later by the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. Pelagianism challenged mainstream church doctrine over original sin and grace, prompting a fierce debate within the early church.

Ultimately, the church rejected Pelagius’s “erroneous” interpretation of Scripture, affirming the doctrine of original sin and emphasizing the essential role of divine grace in salvation. These decisions shaped key Christian teachings for centuries to come.

Hopeful Thoughts

The collision between Augustine’s doctrine of original sin and Pelagius’s emphasis on free will offers profound insights into mankind’s nature and our relationship with God Almighty. Augustine argued that mankind is inherently flawed due to the original sin of Adam and Eve, and thus incapable of obeying God without the intervention of God’s grace.

In contrast, Pelagius believed that mankind, created by God, is inherently good at birth, reflecting the goodness of their Creator. According to Pelagius, mankind is not burdened by original sin but is instead born with the innate capacity to choose freely between doing good and doing evil. This perspective strongly focused on personal responsibility and moral accountability in pursuing a holy life, obeying God’s commandments, and mastering sin.

Pelagius and Augustine’s fierce theological debate serves as a profound reminder to examine our own beliefs and reflect deeply on what the Bible actually says. Their opposing views on mankind nature, free will, and divine grace not only shaped early Christian thought but also continue to prompt important questions today.

This unending debate encourages us to dive deep into the trenches of scripture ourselves, seeking understanding and truth directly from God’s Word rather than relying solely on the interpretations, traditions, or doctrines of men. By doing so, we engage in a more personal and authentic exploration of faith.

Keep Moving Forward On The Narrow Path

Let us continue to move forward with full hearts, filled with God’s love and His compassion, eyes that can see the needs and struggles of those in need, and ears that can hear both the cries of the wounded and the whispers of our great God. Let us remain sober-minded, staying grounded and focused, ever watchful and patient, as we wait on the Father’s guidance and instructions for each step we take on this journey.

Just as Moses parted the waters with the rod of God to save His people by God Almighty’s power and authority, Jesus also came with the power and authority of God Almighty. Jesus was on a mission to part the sheep from the goats, seeking out the lost, the broken, the wounded, the hurting, the lame, and the sick.

Jesus’s mission was clear and transformative: to set the captives of sin free, breaking the chains that bound them. Jesus came to seek the lost, the lame, the broken, the sick, the demented, the degenerate, the broken-hearted, the hurting, to break their bondage of sin that they are enslaved to. Jesus’ purpose wasn’t just to free people from sin but to make them whole – regenerating them into a new creation (2 Corinthians 5:17), ready to live in true freedom, free from the sin that once enslaved them, so that they can go and sin no more (John 5:14).

With clear minds, and full hearts, let us praise God Almighty for sending His son to redeem us, paving a path to God through the narrow gate keeper – our Lord and Saviour, the King of all Kings – Yeshua Hamashiach (Jesus Christ).

Each day brings new challenges, temptations that we must faithfully resist, never giving in to temptation, never giving in to sin, or iniquity, trusting completely, with all of our heart in The Father for our strength, our enrichment, to navigate even the stormiest waters, the very most treacherous paths, knowing we are never alone. To God be the glory, forever and ever!

With a trusting faith and a faithful trust, let us submit ourselves to the Father with His righteousness, never with our own righteousness, offering our life as a daily sacrifice to Him unto good works, His works, by listening to His commands, and always doing His will, and not our own. Keep moving forward faithful, kingdom soldier, believing that God will be there acording to His will for our needs, marking each day a day that we choose to dedicate another day to the Father, the Father of glory in all things in all ways. Amen.

I want to encourage you to walk in the ways of God Almighty, and on the narrow path that Jesus has set before us, resolving to be pure and unblemished, remaining in the love of God Almighty and His Son – Jesus.

We Are Thankful For You!

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Before you leave, take a moment to reflect on the attributes of God’s love outlined below.

Attributes of God’s Love To All

• Unconditional in its offering: God’s love is available to all who wholeheartedly seek Him, and continue in obedience.
• Redemptive: God’s love has the power to cleanse sin and make you whole.
• Active: God’s love leads to life, demonstrated through the new life resurrection of Jesus Christ, as seen in John 3:16.
• Transformative: God’s love shapes believers into His ways, calling them toward perfection (Matthew 5:48).
• Remain in God’s Love: We must love God to remain in His love (Jude 1:21, John 15:9-10, I John 3:24, John 14:15, John 15:5-6)

Also, while you’re at it, take a moment to reflect on what it truly means to be set free from sin.

Truly Set Free From Sin

We can master sin according to God. Mastering sin is introduced in Genesis 4:7, where God speaks to Cain, saying, “If you do what is right, will you not be accepted? But if you do not do what is right, sin is crouching at your door; it desires to have you, but you must rule over it.” If we have been born again unto righteousness, then we are able to exercise self-control, resist sin as Jesus commanded, and willfully obey God’s commands, effectively mastering sin.

Furthermore, Jesus’ directive to “go and sin no more,” as recorded in John 8:11, offers valuable instruction. This statement clarifies that it is possible to obey God and overcome sin. Accomplishing this requires genuine repentance, relying on God’s power, not our own power, and commiting our wholehearts to do the will of God Almighty.

By nurturing a relationship with God, faithfully seeking guidance through prayer, and allowing God’s Spirit to transform our hearts, believers can live without succumbing to the constant temptation of sin that waits for everyone.

You’ve made it this far, why not take a moment to explore what Jesus says about being saved? It could change everything.

How To Be Saved According To Jesus

What Must I Do To Be Saved?

“Sirs, what ​must​ I do to be saved?” (Acts 16:30) That question, that has echoed in the hearts of men down through the ages, since the Philippian jailer asked Paul and Silas. It touches that universal wish in all of us to understand the meaning of our lives and to have hope for the future.

The response given by Paul and Silas is not complicated; they simply say, “And they said, Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house” (Acts 16:31). So, what does it actually mean to believe in or to “believe on”? Check out this amazing article on How To Be Saved According To Jesus

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Our desire is to extend and share with others the love, mercy, grace, and forgiveness of God, which are available to all through faith in Him. Our goal is to encourage others to hold on to this message, enjoy the peace that comes from His promises, and find the pathway to life as we learn the Father’s ways and live by them.

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